[First steps of medical administration at the IMSS]. / Primeros pasos de la administración médica en el IMSS.

The creation of an institution as large as the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) required a lot of planning to manage all the benefits provided to the population. Thus, it is necessary to have health personnel with knowledge and experience in health services administration. This manuscript is an acknowledgment to doctors Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas and Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneers and recognized protagonists in the planning and organization (administration) of the IMSS medical services between 1945 and 1955, who also had rational initiatives and constructive, doing their duty. On the other hand, the Institute exposed and projected that medical-administrative activities were a complex task, and that its practice required specialized knowledge that could not be left to chance, empiricism, good will, beliefs or nonobjective imagination.

La creación de una organización tan grande como el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) requirió de mucha planeación para lograr administrar todas las prestaciones que se brindan a la población. Siendo así una necesidad contar con personal de salud con conocimientos y experiencia en administración en servicios de salud. El presente manuscrito es un reconocimiento a los doctores Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas y Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneros y protagonistas reconocidos en la planeación y organización (administración) de los servicios médicos del IMSS entre 1945 y 1955, quienes además tuvieron iniciativas racionales y constructivas, cumpliendo con su deber. Por otro lado, el Instituto expuso y proyectó que las actividades médico-administrativas eran una tarea compleja, y que su práctica necesitaba conocimientos especializados que no podían dejarse al azahar, al empirismo, a la buena voluntad, a las creencias o a la imaginación no objetiva.

Primeros pasos de la administración médica en el IMSS / First steps of medical administration at the IMSS

La creación de una organización tan grande como el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) requirió de mucha planeación para lograr administrar todas las prestaciones que se brindan a la población. Siendo así una necesidad contar con personal de salud con conocimientos y experiencia en administración en servicios de salud. El presente manuscrito es un reconocimiento a los doctores Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas y Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneros y protagonistas reconocidos en la planeación y organización (administración) de los servicios médicos del IMSS entre 1945 y 1955, quienes además tuvieron iniciativas racionales y constructivas, cumpliendo con su deber. Por otro lado, el Instituto expuso y proyectó que las actividades médico-administrativas eran una tarea compleja, y que su práctica necesitaba conocimientos especializados que no podían dejarse al azahar, al empirismo, a la buena voluntad, a las creencias o a la imaginación no objetiva.

The creation of an institution as large as the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) required a lot of planning to manage all the benefits provided to the population. Thus, it is necessary to have health personnel with knowledge and experience in health services administration. This manuscript is an acknowledgment to doctors Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas and Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneers and recognized protagonists in the planning and organization (administration) of the IMSS medical services between 1945 and 1955, who also had rational initiatives and constructive, doing their duty. On the other hand, the Institute exposed and projected that medical-administrative activities were a complex task, and that its practice required specialized knowledge that could not be left to chance, empiricism, good will, beliefs or nonobjective imagination.

Premiar la cientificidad: a propósito de los premios LURAP en Cuba / Rewarding scientificity: on purpose of the LURAP awards in Cuba

RESUMEN Los premios LURAP, creados por la American Physiological Society, constituyen una iniciativa establecida en Cuba y otros países que tienen miembros en esa sociedad. Ellos pueden nominar anualmente un estudiante de la carrera de Medicina para este premio. El Laboratorio Central de Líquido Cefalorraquídeo es una entidad de ciencia, técnica e innovación que pertenece a la Facultad "Miguel Enríquez" de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de la Habana; se distingue por su producción científica, allí los alumnos constituyen una parte importante de los logros investigativos que exhibe esta entidad de ciencia y técnica, a lo cual ha contribuido el estímulo que representa obtener el premio LURAP (Local Undergraduate Research Award in Physiology) que otorga internacionalmente la mencionada sociedad.

ABSTRACT The LURAP awards, created by the American Physiological Society, constitute an initiative established in Cuba and other countries that have members in that society. They can annually nominate a medical student for this award. The Central Laboratory of Cerebrospinal Fluid is an entity of science, technique and innovation that belongs to the "Miguel Enríquez" Faculty of Havana University of Medical Sciences; it´s distinguished by its scientific production, there the students constitute an important part of the research achievements exhibited by this science and technique entity, to which the encouragement represented by obtaining the LURAP (Local Undergraduate Research Award in Physiology) award has contributed. It´s internationally granted by the aforementioned company.

Creation and provision of a question and answer resource for esophageal cancer based on medical professionals' reports of patients' and families' views and preferences.

BACKGROUND: In the rapidly-progressing healthcare environment, it is essential to improve treatment quality through continuous clarification of the needs and concerns of esophageal cancer patients and their families. Effective collaboration between information providers and academic associations could help make such clarified information available. METHODS: We analyzed esophageal cancer patients' views and preferences (PVPs) using data that were previously obtained from medical staff in Japan. Based on these PVPs, we created a question and answer (Q&A) resource through collaboration with the Cancer Information Service in Japan (CISJ) and the Japan Esophageal Society (JES). RESULTS: Regarding esophageal cancer, "diet and eating behavior" was the most frequent PVP mentioned by patients and their families, followed by "treatment-related symptoms and adverse effects" and "daily life, recuperation, and survivorship." These PVPs were noted by a wide variety of medical specialties. By analyzing the PVPs, the CISJ developed 11 proposed questions and sent them to the JES, which then created answers based on evidence and clinical-practice-associated consensus. The resultant Q&A resource was uploaded to the CISJ website with mutual linkage to the JES website. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the usefulness of collecting esophageal-cancer-related PVPs from medical staff and fostering successful collaboration between a cancer-information provider and an academic association. This arrangement may represent a model case for developing a sustainable system that can satisfactorily respond to PVPs regarding other cancers and/or issues.

Developing a protocol for determining the competitive advantage of clinical specialty and sub-specialty mission differentiation in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: The differentiation as a process occurs when new functions emerge in a system, and for this reason the university system is bound to diversify. With the advancement of knowledge and increase in competition, it has become a challenging issue and an inevitable necessity. This study aimed at identifying the dimensions of the differentiation of Iran's medical sciences universities through determining a protocol of the competitive advantage and scientific strength of clinical specialty and sub-spatiality departments of research activities. METHODS: This was a mixed-methods study; the qualitative study was carried out using a conventional content analysis method. We held a focus group discussion to develop a protocol of scientific strength and competitive advantage for mission differentiation. We used purposive sampling, in February 2019. The sessions were audio-taped. We analyzed the data by considering the verbatim transcribed document of the audio recorded discussions using conventional content analysis method for theme development. In the second stage, we implemented the proposed protocol in the first stage through the Scientometrics System for all 66 colleges and universities of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. RESULTS: The results of the first stage includes a protocol, 4 indices and two formulae for scientific strength and competitive advantage proposed by the expert participants and an executive model designed to clinical specialty and sub-specialty of the college and universities of medical sciences in the research activities. In the second stage, the scientific strength and competitive advantage was calculated for all universities of medical sciences. The results indicated that some universities, for instance, Tehran, Shahid-Beheshti, Iran, Shiraz, Isfahan, etc. had the most competitive advantages among the academic clinical specialty and sub-specialty departments. CONCLUSION: Besides teaching and research, universities should contribute to local socio-economic development, in the growing conviction that scientific research results and educational skills are crucial for the economic growth of nations. The enhancement of high-quality education and excellence in teaching will be consistent and sustained in research-intensive universities. It should strongly promote the integration and relatedness of teaching and research as an essential characteristic of the university.

History of the medical education accreditation system in Korea: implementation and activities in the early stages.

Following the opening of 12 new medical schools in Korea in the 1980s, standardization and accreditation of medical schools came to the forefront in the early 1990s. To address the medical community's concerns about the quality of medical education, the Korean Council for University Education and Ministry of Education conducted a compulsory medical school evaluation in 1996 to see whether medical schools were meeting academic standards or not. This evaluation was, however, a norm-referenced assessment, rather than a criterion-referenced assessment. As a result, the Accreditation Board for Medical Education in Korea (ABMEK) was founded in 1998 as a voluntary organization by the medical community. With full support of the Korean medical community, ABMEK completed its 1st cycle of evaluations of all 41 medical schools from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, ABMEK changed its name to the Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation (KIMEE) as a corporate body. After that, the Korean government paid closer attention to its voluntary accreditation activities. In 2014, the Ministry of Education officially recognized the KIMEE as the 1st professional institute for higher education evaluation and accreditation. The most important lesson learned from ABMEK/KIMEE is the importance of collaboration among all medical education-related organizations, including the Korean Medical Association.

The American Academy of Family Physician's Approach to Developing and Supporting the Intrinsically Motivated Learner.

The American Academy of Family Physicians has 72,600 active members and a robust continuing medical education platform. A foundational principle of their work is an assumption of an intrinsic motivation of physicians to learn in order to better take care of their patients and communities. This commentary presents their vision of individualized learning portfolio in which individual family physicians utilize data to identify their gaps of knowledge and performance over time and use a varirty of CME, including performance improvement, to address and lessen those gaps, with the Academy serving as a navigator and facilitator, all while supporting intrinsic motivation to learn and improve.

Research data management in practice: Results from a cross-sectional survey of health and medical researchers from an academic institution in Australia.

BACKGROUND: Building or acquiring research data management (RDM) capacity is a major challenge for health and medical researchers and academic institutes alike. Considering that RDM practices influence the integrity and longevity of data, targeting RDM services and support in recognition of needs is especially valuable in health and medical research. OBJECTIVE: This project sought to examine the current RDM practices of health and medical researchers from an academic institution in Australia. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was used to collect information from a convenience sample of 81 members of a research institute (68 academic staff and 13 postgraduate students). A survey was constructed to assess selected data management tasks associated with the earlier stages of the research data life cycle. RESULTS: Our study indicates that RDM tasks associated with creating, processing and analysis of data vary greatly among researchers and are likely influenced by their level of research experience and RDM practices within their immediate teams. CONCLUSION: Evaluating the data management practices of health and medical researchers, contextualised by tasks associated with the research data life cycle, is an effective way of shaping RDM services and support in this group. IMPLICATIONS: This study recognises that institutional strategies targeted at tasks associated with the creation, processing and analysis of data will strengthen researcher capacity, instil good research practice and, over time, improve health informatics and research data quality.

Perfil dos orientadores de bolsistas de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Profile of the advisors of scientific initiation Scholars at the Faculdade de Odontologia at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Objetivo: Traçar o perfil dos orientadores de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais durante uma década.Métodos: Foi feita uma avaliação retrospectiva da formação, da carreira e daexperiência de orientações na pós-graduação e na graduação dos professores da Instituição que orientaram alunos como bolsistas do Programa de Iniciação Científica de 2006 a 2016. Com base em informações dos currículos cadastrados na plataforma Lattes do CNPq, a produção intelectual dos docentes foi analisada, quanti e qualitativamente, Qualis 2015. Para avaliar a correlação entre o número de orientações de Iniciação Cientifica e as demais variáveis numéricas, foi usado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e para verificar se existia diferença entre o número de orientações de Iniciação Cientifica entre as categorias das variáveis categóricas, foram usados os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Pouco mais de 35% (n = 44) do total de professores da Instituição, com formações, tempo de titulação e níveis de carreira diversos, alocados nos 4 departamentos, orientaram bolsistas no período; dos quais 18 tinham orientações em andamento. Quase 90% destes apresentam vínculo com Programa de pós-graduação. As áreas responsáveis pelo maior número de bolsas vigentes são a Odontopediatria e Odontologia social e preventivas. O número de orientações de Iniciação Científica concluídas e em andamento por orientador apresentou correlação positiva e significante (rs, p < 0,05) com a produção científica qualificada (≥ B3) e com o número de orientações de pós-graduação stricto sensu, mas não esteve correlacionada a outras produções e orientações. Conclusão: O perfil de orientadores de Iniciação Científica entre o período de 2006-2016 foi diversificado, com diferentes áreas de atuação, níveis de carreira e titulação. No entanto, observamos que a participação no Programa é pequena diante do total de docentes com titulação, capacidade de orientação e do número de alunos de graduação da Instituição. Isso se deve principalmente ao número de bolsas de Iniciação Científica não conseguir contemplar todos os professores que se inscrevem no programa.

Aim: To outline the profile of the Scientific Initiation advisors of the School of Dentistry at the Federal University of Minas Gerais over a 10-year period. Methods: A retrospective assessment was made regarding the education, career, and experience of postgraduate and undergraduate guidance rendered by the institution's faculty who advised students who were fellows of the Scientific Initiation Program from 2006 to 2016. Based on information from registered curricula in the CNPq Lattes platform, the intellectual production of teachers was analyzed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, according to Qualis 2015. To evaluate the correlation between the amount of Scientific Initiation guidance rendered and the other numerical variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used, and to verify if there was a difference between the amount of Scientific Initiation guidance rendered between the categories of categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Results: Just over 35% (n = 44) of the total number of teachers of the institution, with different degrees, tenure, and career levels, allocated in the four departments, advised fellows during this period, of which 18 received ongoing guidance, almost 90% of which were linked to the Postgraduate Program. The areas responsible for the largest number of scholarships in effect cane from the fields of Pediatric Dentistry and Social and Preventive Dentistry. The amount of completed and ongoing Scientific Initiation guidance rendered per advisor showed a significant positive correlation (rs, p < 0.05) with qualified scientific output (≥ B3) and with the amount of stricto sensu postgraduate guidance rendered, but was not correlated with other productions and advice. Conclusion: The profile of Scientific Initiation advisors between 2006-2016 was diverse, with different areas of activity, career levels, and titles. However, we observed that participation in the program is minimal, given the total number of professors with a degree, capacity to provide advice, and the number of undergraduate students registered at the institution. This is mainly due to the number of Scientific Initiation scholarships failing to contemplate all teachers who enrolled in the program.

[Scope of activities and research in pathology laboratories from 1920 to 1940]. / Tätigkeitsfelder und Forschungslandschaft der Pathologie in den Jahren 1920 bis 1940.

The ideal of a pathology institute consisted of a large autopsy department and a wide collection of specimens for the training of students and clinically active doctors. Additional departments supporting the autopsy department were a chemical and bacteriological laboratory. Other departments were experimental laboratories for biology, immunology, and cell research as well as an animal facility.The main pillar of the training was the understanding of the concept of disease and the development of disease. In this context, the final state of a disease was usually presented in the context of the autopsy. The special contribution of Rudolf Virchow was the additional consideration of cellular changes using microscopic preparations.In contrast, in England and America, clinical care on patients was carried out within the institutes in addition to autopsies. For this purpose, some institutes had their own wards with patient beds. The areas of research were accordingly different. The analysis of journal articles from 1920 to 1940 in two German-language journals, Virchows Archive and Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie (today: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology), and two English-language journals, Journal ofPathology and Bacteriology and American Journal of Pathology, showed different scopes and numbers of publications.On the basis of these publications, it was found that the German journals published a huge variety of diseases, especially series of identical tumors and often the first description of the disease. The British Journal of Pathology published mainly infectious topics and numerous animal experiments. The American journal covered a very broad spectrum of publications, including many on clinically relevant histological techniques.

Goodness of fit of the items used in the 2nd cycle of evaluation and accreditation of medical schools by the Korea Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation based on the Rasch model.

PURPOSE: Since 2004, the Korea Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation has been responsible for the evaluation and accreditation of medical schools in Korea. The 2nd cycle of evaluations was conducted from 2007 to 2011. The present study aimed at testing the goodness of fit of the items used in the 2nd cycle of evaluation and accreditation based on the Rasch model. METHODS: Dichotomous data on 40 medical schools were analyzed using Winsteps, a tool based on the Rasch model that includes goodness-of-fit testing. RESULTS: Two of the 109 items had an outfit mean square exceeding 2.0. The other 107 items showed a goodness of fit in the acceptable range for the outfit mean square. All items were in the acceptable range in terms of the infit mean square. Furthermore, 1 school had an outfit mean square exceeding 2.0, while all schools were in the acceptable range for the infit mean square. An outfit mean square value over 2.0 means that an item is a outlier. Therefore, 2 items showed an extreme response relative to the overall response. Meanwhile, the finding of an outfit mean square over 2.0 for 1 school means that it showed extraordinary responses to specific items, despite its excellent overall competency. CONCLUSION: The goodness of fit of the items used for evaluation and accreditation by the Korea Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation should be checked so that they can be revised appropriately. Furthermore, the outlier school should be investigated to determine why it showed such an inappropriate goodness of fit.

Presencia de la Academia de Ciencias en Cienfuegos (siglo XIX - siglo XXI) / Presence of the Academy of Sciences in Cienfuegos (19th century - 21st century)

RESUMEN En el artículo se relacionan las primeras asociaciones con fines científicos que funcionaron en Cienfuegos durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, con énfasis en el Colegio de Ciencias Médicas y el Centro Médico-Farmacéutico de Cienfuegos y sus relaciones con la Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Físicas y Naturales de La Habana, además se mencionan los primeros cienfuegueros Académicos "corresponsales". Se refiere la constitución e integración del primer Consejo Científico Técnico Asesor Provincial de Cienfuegos en 1981, y del actual, regido por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente desde su surgimiento en 1994, hasta la fecha. Se mencionan los profesionales que han sido elegidos para representar a Cienfuegos en la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba en los diferentes períodos y la fundación de la Sede alternativa de la Academia de Ciencias en Cienfuegos en el año 2000, así como la Institución auspiciadora del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, en 2004. Se explica la participación frecuente de otros Académicos -sobre todo residentes en la capital- en diversas actividades en la provincia. Se comenta la constitución de la Filial Provincial de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba en Cienfuegos el 25 de abril de 2019 y los retos que se avecinan.

ABSTRACT The article relates the first associations with scientific purposes that worked in Cienfuegos during the second half of the 19th century, with emphasis on the Medical Association of Cienfuegos and the Medical-Pharmaceutical Center of Cienfuegos and its relations with the Royal Academy of Medical Sciences, Physical and Natural of Havana, in addition the first professionals from Cienfuegos who worked as Academic "reporters" are mentioned. It refers to the constitution and integration of the first Provincial Technical Advisory Council of Cienfuegos in 1981, and the current, governed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment since its emergence in 1994 to the present times. Professionals who have been chosen to represent Cienfuegos in the Cuban Academy of Sciences in the different periods and the foundation of the Alternative Office of the Academy of Sciences in Cienfuegos in the year 2000, as well as the sponsor institution of the Hospital Dr Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, in 2004, are mentioned. It explains the frequent participation of other Academics -especially those living in the capital- in various activities in the province. The constitution of the Provincial Branch of the Cuban Academy of Sciences in Cienfuegos on April 25, 2019, and the challenges that lie ahead are discussed.

Modelo de gerenciamento de projetos aplicado a pesquisa clínica / Project management model for clinical research

Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo para o gerenciamento de projetos em centros de pesquisa clínica (CPCs) no cenário público-privado e privado. Métodos: Estudo transversal prospectivo com aplicação de um questionário específico em CPCs no Brasil. Esse instrumento avaliou a aplicação prática das 10 áreas de conhecimento do Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) (gerenciamento da integração, do escopo, do tempo, de custos, de qualidade, de recursos humanos, de comunicações, de riscos, de aquisições e partes interessadas) com relação à prática diária da pesquisa clínica nos CPC do país. Resultados: Dos 195 centros de pesquisa elegíveis, 55 responderam ao questionário completo. O profissional com o cargo de gerente de projetos é inexistente em 37 centros (67,3%) ativos e não há Escritório de Gerenciamento de Projetos (EGP) em 41 centros (74,5%). O controle de despesas e receitas é realizado por 50 centros (90,9%), entretanto 28 (50,9%) realizam avaliação da rentabilidade. Quanto ao gerenciamento da qualidade, 28 (50,9%) não têm parâmetros de qualidade implantados e 11 (40,7%) não realizam auditoria interna. Falhas de comunicação estão presentes em 48 centros (87,2%). A partir da avaliação da aplicação prática das 10 áreas de conhecimento do Guia PMBOK®, foi desenvolvido um modelo de gerenciamento de projetos com aplicabilidade aos centros. Conclusões: É possível que os centros tenham melhor definição do escopo de cada projeto, custos e prazos possuam baixa margem de variabilidade, se estabeleça boa comunicação entre as partes envolvidas e que o impacto econômico do gerenciamento possa ser reconhecido.

Objective: To develop a model for the management of research projects, in public-private and private scenarios. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study with the application of a specific questionnaire for research centers in the country. This instrument evaluated the practical application of the 10 areas of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) (management of integration, scope, time, costs, quality, human resources, communications, risks, acquisitions and stakeholders) of in relation to the daily practice of clinical research in the country's research centers. Results: Of the 195 eligible research centers, 55 centers answered the complete questionnaire. The professional with the position of project manager does not exist in 37 active centers (67.3%), there is no project management office (PMO) in 41 centers (74.5%). The control of expenses and revenues is carried out by 50 centers (90.9%), however, 28 (50.9%) carry out an evaluation of the profitability. Regarding quality management, 28 (50.9%) did not have quality parameters implanted and 11 (40.7%) did not perform internal audit. Communication failures are present in 48 (87.2%) centers. Based on the evaluation of the practical application of the 10 knowledge areas of the PMBOK® Guide, the project management model was developed with applicability to clinical research centers. Conclusions: It is possible that the centers have a better definition of the scope of each project, the costs and deadlines have a low margin of variability, a good communication between the parties is established and the economic impact of the management can be recognized.

Solicitud al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores: ¿Cómo hacer una postulación con éxito? / Application to the National System of Researchers: How to apply successfully?

En el presente trabajo se comparten un conjunto de experiencias que, en forma de recomendaciones, tienen el propósito de orientar tus aspiraciones hacía la postulación y el ingreso al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI). En un primer apartado se abordan las preguntas acerca de ¿Qué es el SNI? ¿En qué consiste la distinción de ser un investigador del SNI?, y ¿Qué se requiere para ingresar al SNI?; en un segundo momento, se plantea ¿Cuál es la situación del profesional de enfermería en el SNI?, y ¿Cuáles son los requisitos de postulación al SNI? En el tercer y último apartado, se hace alusión a la compleja labor que tiene el Doctorado en Enfermería para postularse, ingresar y mantenerse en el SNI; para ello, se describen cuatro estrategias fundamentales con 15 recomendaciones, referentes al trabajo académico, de investigación colaborativa, de publicación en revistas arbitradas y libros, y en la evidencia de la traducción del conocimiento. Finalmente, el análisis de contenido de las entrevistas realizadas a los doctorados pertenecientes o no al SNI, permitió identificar los factores relacionados con la dificultad para la postulación e ingreso, así como las estrategias para su ingreso o permanencia. Un punto de reflexión relevante es la narrativa del discurso, en la cual, se sienta un precedente para profundizar en la pregunta del ¿Por qué el 81.5% (158) de los profesionales de enfermería con grado de doctorado no están en el SNI?

In this work we share a set of experiences that in the form of recommendations have the purpose of guiding your aspirations towards the nomination and entry into the National System of Researchers (SNI). In a first section addresses the questions about what is the SNI. What is the distinction of being a SNI researcher? And what is required to enter the SNI? In a second moment, the question arises: What is the situation of the nursing professional in the SNI? And what are the requirements for applying to the SNI? In the third and last section, reference is made to the complex work that the Doctorate in Nursing has to do to apply, enter and remain in the SNI; for this, four fundamental strategies are described with 15 recommendations, referring to academic work, collaborative research, publication in peer-reviewed journals and books, and evidence of knowledge translation. Finally, the content analysis of the interviews carried out with the doctorates belonging or not to the SNI, allowed to identify the factors related to the difficulty for the application and admission, as well as the strategies for their admission or permanence. A relevant point of reflection is the narrative of the discourse, in which a precedent is set to deepen the question of why is 81.5% (158) of nursing professionals with a doctorate degree not in the SNI.

Building a chiropractic academy of educators: A needs assessment of selected faculty educators.

OBJECTIVE: Professional demands have led to health-care educator specialization in research or patient care. The academy movement is an avenue that attempts to return prestige and importance to improved instruction. The authors performed a needs analysis of selected faculty at 3 chiropractic colleges to assess the need for, and willingness to participate in, an academy of educators program. METHODS: An expert-developed, pretested survey was deployed using SurveyMonkey. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to address 3 research questions related to the academy of educators program. RESULTS: The study achieved a 53% response rate and reflected that an overwhelming majority of chiropractic faulty members (89%) reported the need for an academy of educators. The study found no significant differences between faculty ranks, years of experience, and participation willingness. CONCLUSION: A structured approach, such as an academy, to foster professional teaching development may create positive outcomes for an institution. Faculty educators were willing to engage in an efficient program that may improve teaching methods and create opportunities for collaborative working relationships, which signals the potential for wide acceptance of the program.

Grupos de pesquisa em cuidados paliativos: a realidade brasileira de 1994 a 2014 / Research groups in palliative care: the brazilian reality from 1994 to 2014 / Grupos de investigación en cuidados paliativos: la realidad brasileña de 1994 a 2014

Introdução: Os cuidados paliativos atualmente são responsáveis por qualificar a qualidade de vida da pessoa diante do processo de saúde e doença. Objetivo: Caracterizar os grupos de pesquisa brasileiros em Cuidados Paliativos cadastrados no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) entre 1994 a 2014. Métodos: Pesquisa documental, qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva, com a palavra-chave "Cuidados Paliativos", onde foram encontrados 16 objetos de análise para esse estudo. Resultados: O primeiro Grupo de Pesquisa em Cuidados Paliativos foi criado em 1994, havendo um aumento significativo grupos nos anos de 2011 e 2012. O número de linhas de pesquisa de cada grupo varia entre duas e nove linhas. Estão distribuídos de forma desigual nas regiões do país, 44% estão localizados na região Sudeste, seguido de 37% na região Nordeste, 13% Centro-oeste e 6% na região Sul. São compostos por pesquisadores, técnicos e estudantes, sendo estes a maioria dos participantes. Conclusão: Apesar de haver analisado vários grupos, ainda existe uma necessidade de formação de novos Grupos nesta área pouco explorada.

Introduction: Palliative care is currently the responsible for rating the quality of a person's life by his health-disease process.Objective: To characterize the Brazilian research groups of Palliative Care registered in Directory of Research Groups of theNational Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development between 1994 and 2014. Methods: A documental research, witha qualitative and exploratory-descriptive approach, using the keyword "Palliative Care", where were found 16 objects of analysis.Results: The first research group of Palliative Care was created in 1994; there were a significant rose of new groups in the wearsof 2011 and 2012. The number of research lines of each group varies between two and nine lines. They are distributed in anunequal form among the country regions, 44% were located on Southeast region, followed by 37% on Northeast region, 13%on the Midwest and 6% on the South region. The groups are composed by researchers, technical and students; being students,the majority of these groups' participants. Conclusion: In spite of the several analyzed groups, there is a need of a formationof new groups in this unexplored area.

Introducción: Los cuidados paliativos actualmente son los responsables por la calificación de la calidad de vida de una personadelante su proceso de salud-enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar los grupos de investigación brasileños Cuidados en el Paliativosregistrados en Directorio de Grupos de Investigación del Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq)entre 1994 y 2014. Métodos: Investigación documental, cualitativa, exploratoria-descriptiva, con la palabra-clave "cuidadospaliativos", donde fueron encontrados 16 objetos de análisis para la contemplación de este estudio. Resultados: El primergrupo de investigación en cuidados paliativos fue creado en 1994, con un aumento significativo de nuevos grupos en 2011 y2012. El número de líneas de investigación de cada grupo varía de dos a nueve líneas. Están distribuidos de forma desigual enlas regiones del país, el 44% se localiza en el sureste, seguido de un 37% en el Nordeste, el 13% del Medio Oeste y el 6% en elSur. Son compuestos por investigadores, técnicos y estudiantes, que son la mayoría de los participantes del grupo. Conclusión:A pesar de los diversos grupos analizados, hay una necesidad de formar nuevos grupos en esta área poco explorada.

Incorporación del pregrado a la investigación en enfermería en México / ncorporation of undergraduate research in nursing in Mexico

Introducción: El construir un panorama alentador sobre la inclusión del alumno de pregrado hacia la investigación es de vital importancia para el avance cultural y científico de una sociedad del conocimiento, por consiguiente la incorporación del pregrado ha sido de interés para la disciplina de enfermería. Implementando estrategias que motiven la participación con programas de apoyo a la investigación. Materiales y Métodos: Articulo de reflexión sobre un análisis crítico de la incorporación a la investigación en instituciones de educación superior mexicanas que ofertan la carrera de enfermería, basada en la literatura y experiencia estudiantil. Resultados: Los programas interinstitucionales creados y los obstáculos presentes sobre la formación en investigación en enfermería, permite adquirir nuevas maneras de comprender la realidad para poder enfrentarse a las dificultades de la producción de conocimientos. La formación para la investigación en pregrado proporciona elementos para elegir la postura teórica, y metodológica desde la cual se desarrolla una actividad e impulsa el fortalecimiento académico. Discusión y Conclusiones: En el contexto de la enfermería mexicana, el estudiante de pregrado se encuentra en constante aprendizaje para su formación y en la capacidad de involucrarse en proyectos de investigación; aunque existe una demanda por incrementar programas, esto solo sería posible si aumentaran, a la vez, la participación de los estudiantes de enfermería.

Introduction: Constructing an encouraging picture on the inclusion of undergraduates into research is of vital importance to the cultural and scientific advancement of a knowledge society, thus incorporating undergraduate has been of interest to the discipline of nursing. Implementing strategies to encourage participation programs supporting research. Materials and Methods: Section of reflection on a critical analysis of the introduction to research in Mexican higher education institutions that offer nursing career, based on the literature and student experience. Results: The inter-agency programs and created obstacles present on research training in nursing can learn new ways of understanding reality to face the difficulties of knowledge production. Training for undergraduate research provides items to choose the theoretical position and methodological activity from which develops and promotes academic strengthening. Discussion and Conclusions: In the context of Mexican nursing, the undergraduate student is constantly learning for training and the ability to engage in research projects, although there is increasing demand for programs, this would only be possible if increased, at the same time, the participation of nursing students.

De 2006 à 2014: a trajetória dos brasileiros no ICPAPH / From 2006 to 2014: the trajectory of Brazilians in the ICPAPH

A participação em eventos científicos é uma oportunidade para muitos pesquisadores trocarem experiências, ideias e criarem parcerias. Com o objetivo de ampliar a discussão sobre questões relacionadas à atividade física e saúde pública, foi criado o International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health (ICPAPH). A pesquisa epidemiológica em atividade física e saúde cresce no Brasil, assim como a participação de brasileiros em sociedades e eventos internacionais. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a participação de brasileiros em todas as edições do ICPAPH realizadas até 2014, ano em que o evento foi realizado no Brasil. Através da análise dos anais dos congressos, assim como informações obtidas através dos presidentes de cada edição e relatos de brasileiros, observou-se que a participação do Brasil ocorre desde a primeira edição em 2006. Cerca de 2% da participação geral de palestrantes tem sido de brasileiros, assim como 5% das apresentações de trabalhos, com aumento dessas participações na edição realizada no Rio de Janeiro (14% e 40%, respectivamente), o que se esperava devido à grande participação de congressistas locais em todas as edições do evento (2006=68%, 2008=14%, 2010=48%, 2012=60% e 2014=32%). Sendo assim, apesar do crescimento na participação de brasileiros neste evento internacional, estratégias de incentivo à participação de pesquisadores brasileiros em outros eventos de discussão internacional e de fomento à pesquisa na área de atividade física e saúde pública devem ser elaboradas.

The participation in scientific events is an opportunity for many researchers to exchange experience, ideas and create partnerships. In order to broaden the discussion on issues related to physical activity and public health, the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health (ICPAPH) was created. Epidemiological research in physical activity and health is growing in Brazil, as well as the participation of Brazilians on international events. The aim of this study was to describe the participation of Brazilians in every edition of the ICPAPH until 2014, when the event was held in Brazil. Through the analysis of programs of previous conferences, as well as the contact with the presidents of each edition and participants from Brazil, we noticed a participation from Brazilians since the very first edition, in 2006. Close to 2% of speakers and 5% of abstracts have been presented by Brazilian, with more participation in the event in Rio de Janeiro (14% and 40%, respectively), what was expected due to a large participation of locals in every edition of the event (2006=68%, 2008=14%, 2010=48%, 2012=60% and 2014=32%). Therefore, even though the participation of Brazilians has been growing, it is necessary to create strategies to increase Brazilian participation in international debates and financing for research in the field of physical activity and public health.